Scientific and scholarly articles about UFOs

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Scientific and scholarly articles about UFOs


 

The ufological world was all agog recently when it was announced that an article about UFOs was being published in a peer-reviewed academic journal.

Amazing! Remarkable! Notable! Unprecedented!

Uh – no.

Despite what you may have heard from skeptics and believers alike, science has taken the subject of UFOs seriously on many, many occasions. Dozens of scholarly and academic articles have appeared in peer-reviewed journals all along, with apparently little notice or interest.

Admittedly, many of these articles looked at ufology in a less than positive light, but a considerable number regarded the subject quite seriously and as a topic of scientific curiosity, if not interest and with relevance to many scientific realms.

I started working on a list of academic articles about UFOs some time ago, and I dusted it off (virtually) when the interest in the recent scientific article manifested.

A number of people have created lists of these articles over the years, including most notably Barry Greenwood’s “Union Catalog” of UFO articles. Isaac Koi has a very good list of academic journal articles, and I have added to my own list from his excellent resource.

The following is my list, which is as complete as I could get at this time. I have provided links to online versions of the articles whenever possible, although some links will require institutional memberships to view the articles in full. 

The list is for articles about UFOs, but you will note that I have included some articles on UFO-ish phenomena as well, with discretion.

Also, I should note that this list is not restricted to Q1 and Q2 ranked journals, but others of lower academic rankings which I believe should be read and considered for their scientific approach. Many are written by scientists for lay audiences.

Also, the list does not include many book reviews, editorial comments, news briefs and incidental notes, although I allowed a few in the list for their significance. So, while references to things in major journals such as Nature and Science could have been included dozens and dozens of times, these were not really “peer-reviewed academic or scholarly articles.”

Oh, and I did not include many articles from the Journal of Scientific Exploration nor the Journal of UFO Studies. While certainly peer-reviewed, these journals are not in the scientific mainstream community, and I wanted to create a list that showed that scientists outside of the ufology community have published such articles.

I have included papers
published in journals with lesser pedigree to show the parallel discourses in
other publications that are worth examining. Many of those are published by
scientists or people with recognized academic degrees and backgrounds.
 
This list is meant to be a
resource to show scientific discourse on the subject. And most scientists are
unaware of the bulk of good scientific articles on UAP and UFOs.

I used APA style, with a slight modification here and there for consistency. (I know there are many punctuation typos, so I’m working on that.) I also need to italicize the journal titles.

And yes, I am sure I missed some. This page will be updated as more articles are brought to my attention, and as future articles are published. (Which they certainly will be.)

Many thanks to Isaac for his work and assistance in this effort.

UPDATED JUNE 12, 2024


 

Ailleris, P. [2011]. The
lure of local SETI: Fifty years of field experiments. Acta Astronautica
68, 2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576509005967

 

Akers, D. W. (1972). Report
on the Investigation of Nocturnal Light Phenomena at Toppenish, Washington, August
1972. https://sacred-texts.com/ufo/yak1.htm

 

Akers, D. W. [1974]. Investigation
of nocturnal light phenomena 1973 sighting reports from Toppenish, Washington. http://theology101.org/ufo/yak2.htm

 

Akers, D. W. (1995). A
Statistical Summary of Reports from the Toppenish UFO Study. https://sacred-texts.com/ufo/yak3.htm

 

Akers, D. W. [2001]. Preliminary
report on magnetic field measurements recorded at Satus fire lookout – July 11,
2001.” http://www.leeh.net/polyarts/Archive/01070001.pdf

 

Akers, D. W. (2001). Nocturnal
light phenomena on the Yakama Indian Reservation – An update for people working
and living in the area. The Willard J. Vogel Study, Yakama, Washington. http://www.ltpaobserverproject.com/uploads/3/0/2/0/3020041/the_willard_j._vogel_study.pdf

 

Akers, D. W. [2007]. The
Toppenish Field Study: A Technical Review and Update. 7th Bienniel European Society
for Scientific Exploration Meeting, Roros, Norway.
 

Ananthaswamy , A. (2020). How
Many Aliens Are in the Milky Way? Astronomers Turn to Statistics for Answers. Scientific
American
, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-many-aliens-are-in-the-milky-way-astronomers-turn-to-statistics-for-answers/

Andresen, Jensine. (2021).
Two Elephants in the Room of Astrobiology. In: Torres, Octavio, et al. (eds.). Astrobiology:
Science, Ethics, and Public Policy. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119711186.ch10

Anton, A. (2019). UFO
research. In: Mayer, G. (ed.). N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics.
(pp.133–150). 

Anton, Andreas and Vugrin,
Fabian. (2022). “UFOs exist and everyone needs to adjust to that fact.” (Dis)Information
Campaigns on the UFO Phenomenon. Journal of Anomalistics, 22, pp. 18–35. https://www.igpp.de/eks/pdf/04%20Anton-Vugrin_2022_1.pdf

Antonio, Fernando, et al. (2022).
On the dynamics of reporting data: A case study of UFO sightings. Physica A:
Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 603(1), 127807. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378437122005295

Appelle, S. (1971). On a behavioral
explanation of UFO sightings. Perceptual and motor skills, 32(3), 994. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1971.32.3.994

Appelle, S. (1998). UFOs
and the scientific method. Science, 281, 919. doi:
10.1126/science.281.5379.919b

Appelle, S. et al. (2014). “Alien abduction experiences.” In E. Cardeña,
S.J. Lynn, and S. Krippner (Eds.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining
the scientific evidence,
 213-240. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association.
 

Ashworth, C. E. (1980).
Flying saucers, spoon-bending and Atlantis: A structural analysis of new
mythologies. The Sociological Review, 28(2), 353-376.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1980.tb00369.x

 

Bader, C. D. (1995). The
UFO contact movement from the 1950s to the present. Studies in Popular Culture,
17(2), 73-90.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413704

 

Bader, C. D. (2003). Supernatural
support groups: Who are the UFO abductees and ritual-abuse survivors? Journal
for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(4), 669–678.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387914

 

Balch, Robert W. and Taylor,
David. (1977). Seekers and saucers: The role of the cultic milieu in joining a UFO
cult. American Behavioral Scientist, 20(6), pp. 839–860.

Ball, J. (1973). The zoo
hypothesis.
Icarus, 19(3), 347-349. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103573901115

 

Ballester Olmos, V., &
Bullard, T.E. (2017). The nature of UFO evidence: Two views. Available online: 
https://www.academia.edu/33352049/THE_NATURE_OF_UFO_EVIDENCE_TWO_VIEWS

Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden,
Richard. (2023). The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony. UFO Phenomena
International Annual Review (UPIAR). Cooperativa Iniziative e Studi UPIAR s.c.,
Corso Vittorio Emanuele II n. 108 – 10121 Torino, Italy.
http://www.upiar.com/index.cfm?artID=201

Banaji, M. R., and
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). The ordinary nature of alien abduction memories.
Psychological Inquiry, 7(2), 132-135.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327965pli0702_3

 

Bartholomew, R. E. (1991).
The quest for transcendence: An ethnography of UFOs in America. Anthropology of
Consciousness, 2(1‐2), 1-12. https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/ac.1991.2.1-2.1

Bartholomew, R.E. et al (1991). “UFO abductees and contactees: Psychopathology
or fantasy proneness?” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22(3), 215-222.

Biasco, F., and Nunn, K.
(2000). College students’ attitudes toward UFOs. College Student Journal,
34(1), 96-100.
https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=01463934&asa=Y&AN=3024751&h=pFaSTQdViVWKO7mTAFbM9G6qBJCEjXdumNK2EVMo%2bub0Tb3nTDmIHDsb1jWM00XAupyJvrLSUvPRVii%2fIAz2qg%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d01463934%26asa%3dY%26AN%3d3024751

 

Bisson C, and Persinger M.A.
(1993). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXV. Possible increased incidence
of brain tumors following an episode of luminous phenomena. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 77(3_suppl), 1088-1090.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1088

 

Boli, John. (2021). Small
Planet in the Vastness of Space. Globalization and the Proliferation of UFOs,
Aliens, and Extraterrestrial Threats to Humanity. In:
Globalization/Glocalization: Developments in Theory and Application. International
Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology, 139, pp. 260–288. 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004500365_015

Bowers, K. S., and
Eastwood, J. D. (1996). On the edge of science: Coping with UFOlogy
scientifically. Psychological Inquiry, 7(2), 136-140.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327965pli0702_4

 

Bridgstock, M. (1982). A
sociological approach to fraud in science. The Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Sociology, 18(3), 364-383.

 

Bullard, T. E. (1989). UFO
abduction reports: the supernatural kidnap narrative returns in technological
guise. Journal of American Folklore, 147-170.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/540677

 

Bullard, T. E. (2017). Skeptical Successes and
Ufological Failures: Opportunities in Uncomfortable Places. Center for UFO Studies. 
https://cufos.org/PDFs/pdfs/Skeptical_explanations_for_UFOs.pdf

Callahan, P. S., &
Mankin, R. W. (1978). Insects as unidentified flying objects. Applied Optics,
17(21), 3355-3360.

 

Carlotto, Mark. (2021). A
Preliminary Analysis of Historical UFO Report Data. May 31, 2021. Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3857231 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3857231

Caron, E. (2015).
“Scientific investigation on unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP),” in 6th
Marie Curie Alumni Association (MCAA) Newsletter. Available online at: https://www.mariecuriealumni.eu/newsletter/scientific-investigation-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-uap-0

Caron, E. & Faridi, P.
(2016). To investigate or not to investigate? Researchers’ views on unexplored atmospheric
light phenomena. Frontiers of Earth Science, Section on Atmospheric Science,
4, pp. 1-5. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2016.00017/full

Chen, Y. (2023). Unveiling
Hidden Patterns in UFO Sightings: A Text Mining and Geostatistical Approach.
UCLA. ProQuest ID: Chen_ucla_0031N_22119. Merritt ID: ark:/13030/m59m2r1p.
Retrieved from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/801708z2

Chequers, J., Joseph, S.,
and Diduca, D. (1997). Belief in extraterrestrial life, UFO-related beliefs,
and schizotypal personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(3),
519-521.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886997800189

 

Clamar, A. (1988). Is it
time for psychology to take UFOs seriously? Psychotherapy in Private Practice,
6(3), 143-149. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J294v06n03_23

 

Clamar, A. (1988). Symposium:
The UFO experience: What psychotherapy tells us. Introduction, in: Psychotherapy
in Private Practice, 6:3, 141-142

 

Clancy, S. A., et. al. (2002).
Memory distortion in people reporting abduction by aliens. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology
, 111(3), 455.

Clancy, Susan A. (2005). Abducted.
How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens
. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
 

Clark, S. E., and Loftus,
E. F. (1996). The construction of space alien abduction memories. Psychological
Inquiry, 7(2), 140-143.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327965pli0702_5

Cloete, R. et al (2023). Preface: Instrumentation
and Software for the Detection and Characterization of Unidentified Aerospace
Phenomena. Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 12(1). https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2251171723020014

Cloete, R., et al. (2023).
Integrated Computing Platform for Detection and Tracking of Unidentified Aerial
Phenomena (UAP). Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171723400081

Cocconi, G. &
Morrison, P. [1959]. Searching for Interstellar Communications.  Nature, 184, 844. doi:10.1038/184844a0

Colas, F., et al. (2020). FRIPON:
A worldwide network to track incoming 
meteoroids. Astronomy
and Astrophysics
, 644, A53. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038649

Cole, G. H. A. (1996).
Thoughts on extraterrestrials prompted by two contributions in a recent issue
of Quarterly Journal. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 37,
257.
https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1996QJRAS..37..257C

 

Condon, E. U. (1969). UFOs
I have loved and lost. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 25(10), 6-8.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00963402.1969.11455289

 

Cook, C. M., and
Persinger, M. A. (2001). Geophysical variables and behavior: XCII. Experimental
elicitation of the experience of a sentient being by right hemispheric, weak
magnetic fields: interaction with temporal lobe sensitivity. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 92(2), 447-448.

 

Cross, A. (2004). The
flexibility of scientific rhetoric: A case study of UFO researchers.
Qualitative Sociology, 27(1), 3-34.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000015542.28438.41

 

Crowe, R. A., and Miura,
C. K. (1995). Challenging pseudoscientific beliefs: Surveying evidence for
exotic claims. Psychological reports, 77(3_suppl), 1263-1282.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3f.1263

 

Crumbaugh, J. C. (1959).
ESP and flying saucers: A challenge to parapsychologists. American
Psychologist, 14(9), 604–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0039416

 

Curtis, E. (2016). Science
and technology in Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam 
astrophysical disaster,
genetic engineering, UFOs, white apocalypse, and black resurrection. Nova Religio:
The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 20(1), 5–31.

 

Davis, Lorraine. (1988). A
Comparison of UFO and Near-Death Experiences as Vehicles for the Evolution of
Human Consciousness. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 6(4), 240-257. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799343/

 

De la Torre, Gabriel. (2023). Psychological aspects in
unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) witnesses. International Journal of
Astrobiology. 23, 11 Dec. 2023. 
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/psychological-aspects-in-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-uap-witnesses/7D23058E10309384DDAA8E15607485CC

Derr, J. & Persinger,
M. (1986). Luminous phenomena and earthquakes in southern Washington. Experientia,
42(9), pp.991-999. https://journals.scholarsportal.info/details/00144754/v42i0009/991_lpaeisw.xml

http://neurosciarchive.byethost12.com/1986-Derr-and-Persinger-Psychological-Reports-Luminous-phenomena-and-earthquakes-in-southern-Washington.pdf

Derr J.S, and Persinger M.A.
(1993). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXVI. Seasonal hydrological load
and regional luminous phenomena (UFO reports) within river systems, the
Mississippi Valley test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3_suppl), 1163-1170.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1163

 

Devereux, P., McCartney,
P. and Robins, D. (1983). Bringing UFOs down to earth. New Scientist, (1
September), 627-630.

 

Dewan, W. J. (2006).
” A saucerful of secrets”: an interdisciplinary analysis of UFO
experiences. Journal of American Folklore, 184-202.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137923

 

Dick, S. (1996). Other
Worlds: The Cultural Significance of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate. Leonardo,
29(2), pp. 133-137. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1576349

Döbler, N., et al. (2023).
Is there anybody out there? Can individual loneliness, need for closure, and
religiosity predict the belief in extraterrestrial life and intelligence? Discover
psychology
, 3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44202-023-00076-4

Dodd, A. (2018). Strategic
ignorance and the search for extraterrestrial 
intelligence: Critiquing
the discursive segregation of UFOs from scientific inquiry. Astropolitics, 16(1),
75-95.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14777622.2018.1433409

 

Dorsch, Kate. (2019). Reliable
Witnesses, Crackpot Science: UFO Investigations in Cold War America, 1947-1977.
University of Pennsylvania, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 13808338. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b2ae1fc6c10174cecbac8723eadf3c0b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y

Eghigian, G. (2014). ‘A
transatlantic buzz’: flying saucers, extraterrestrials and America in postwar
Germany. Journal of transatlantic studies, 12(3), 282-303.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1080/14794012.2014.928032

 

Eghigian, G. (2014). The
psychiatrist, the aliens, and” going native”. Psychiatric Times,
31(11), 10-10.
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Eghigian, G. (2015). Making
UFOs make sense: Ufology, science, and the history of their mutual mistrust. Public
understanding of science, [2017], 26(5), 612–626. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963662515617706

 

Emmerich, R. (2022). UAP
as New Research Subject. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/uap-neu-im-forschungskanon-1/

Escola-Gascon, Alex, O’Neill,
Mary, and Gallifa, Josep. (2021). Beliefs and opinions about the existence of
life outside the earth: The UFO Experiences Questionnaire (UFO-Q). Social
Sciences & Humanities Open
, 3(1), 100124.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/social-sciences-and-humanities-open/vol/3/issue/1

Escolà-Gascón, A. et al.
(2024). Impact of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs) on air safety: Evidence
from Airbus® TCAS/ROSE simulators. Journal of Air Transport Management, 119,
August 2024, 102617.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102617

 

Espírito Santo, D., and
Vergara, A. (2020). The possible and the impossible: reflections on evidence in
Chilean ufology. Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología, (41),
125-146.
https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/doi/full/10.7440/antipoda41.2020.06

 

Forrest, D. V. (2008).
Alien abduction: A medical hypothesis. Journal of the American Academy of
Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry
, 36(3), 431-442.
https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/jaap.2008.36.3.431

 

Fournier, N. M., and
Persinger, M. A. (2004). Geophysical variables and behavior: C. Increased
geomagnetic activity on days of commercial air crashes attributed to computer
or pilot error but not mechanical failure. Perceptual and motor skills,
98(3_suppl), 1219-1224.

 

Freitas Jr, R. A., &
Valdes, F. (1980). A search for natural or artificial objects located at the
Earth-Moon libration points. Icarus, 42(3), 442-447.

 

Fuller, B.A.G. (1952).
Flying saucers. The Journal of Philosophy. 49(17), Aug. 14, 1952, 545-559. https://www.pdcnet.org/jphil/content/jphil_1952_0049_0017_0545_0559

 

Gamboa, M. (2021).
Spiritual pilgrimages and UFO tourism in Uruguay: the case of La Aurora’s
cattle ranch. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 8(2), 162-178.
https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJTA.2021.116093

 

Geppert, A. (2012).
Extraterrestrial encounters: UFOs, science and 
the quest for
transcendence, 1947–1972. History and Technology: An International Journal, 28(3),
335-362.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341512.2012.723340

 

Ghidina, M. J. (2019).
Finding God in grain: Crop circles, rationality, and the construction of
spiritual experience. Symbolic Interaction, 42(2), 278-300.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/symb.386

 

Grassi, F., Cocheo, C.,
and Russo, P. (2005). Balls of light: The questionable science of crop circles.
Journal of Scientific Exploration, 19(2), 159-170.
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Graves, Ryan, et al.
(2023). Recommendations to Improve Acquisition and Management of
Aviation-Related UAP Data. AIAA 2023-4323 Session: Scientific and Technical
Advancements in UAP Understanding. Published Online: 8 June 2023 at: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-4323

Gray, R. H. (2015). The
Fermi paradox is neither Fermi’s nor a paradox. Astrobiology, 15(3), 195-199.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2014.1247

 

Greenwood, B., and
Davidson-Arnott, R. G. (2020). Tidal monitoring of a barrier breach: The mysterious
case of the unidentified flying object (UFO). Journal of Coastal Research,
101(sp1), 56-61.
https://doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI101-013.1

 

Haines, G.K. (1999). CIA’s
role in the study of UFOs, 1947–90: A die‐hard issue. Intelligence and National
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Hall, R. L. (1996).
Escaping the self or escaping the anomaly? Psychological inquiry, 7(2),
143-148.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327965pli0702_6

 

Halperin, David J. (2021).
Judaism and the UFO; with Emphasis on the Vision of Ezekiel. In: Handbook of
UFO Religions, Chapter 3, pp. 79–102. 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004435537_005

Hancock, L. J. et al. (2023).
UAP Pattern Recognition Study: 1945-1975 US Military Atomic Warfare Complex. Scientific
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Haqq-Misra, J. &
Kopparapu, R. K. [2012]. On the likelihood of non-terrestrial artifacts in the
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Haselhoff, E. H. (2001).
Opinions and comments on Levengood WC, Talbott NP (1999). Dispersion of
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http://archiv.fgk.org/01/Eltjo/Haselhoff.pdf

 

Hauge, B.G. (2005). 10 Years
of Scientific Research of the Hessdalen Phenomena. International Meeting “Le
Ricerca Italiana nella Valle di Hessdalen, Norvegia.” 
Cecina, Livorno, Italy.
March 2004.
http://www.itacomm.net/ph/2005_Hauge.pdf

Hauge, B. G. [2007]. “Optical
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Hauge, B, (2010).
Investigation and analysis of transient luminous phenomena in the low
atmosphere of Hessdalen valley, Norway. Acta Astronautica, 67(11–12), 1443-1450.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576510000329

 

Hayes, M., and Morritt, N.
(2020). Michael W. Burke-Gaffney and the UFO debate in Atlantic Canada,
1947-1969. Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science,
Technology and Medicine/Scientia Canadensis: revue canadienne d’histoire des
sciences, des techniques et de la médecine, 42(1), 54-74.
https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/scientia/1900-v1-n1-scientia05473/1071264ar/abstract/

 

Heaton, J. B. (undated). Santa
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